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disruptive_entrepreneurship [2020/11/25 22:01] – [Phase three: Whitepaper] nathanairplanedisruptive_entrepreneurship [2026/07/21 23:51] (current) – Moved Moten earlier ntnsndr
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 **MDST 2011** **MDST 2011**
  
-*Disruption* has become a hallowed achievement in contemporary business culture, to the point that we forget it used to be a bad thing. What, exactly, do entrepreneurs, investors, and internet evangelists mean by the word? What have been the great disruptions of our time, and who wound up disrupted?+*Disruption* has become a hallowed achievement in contemporary business culture. What, exactly, do entrepreneurs, investors, and Internet evangelists mean by the word? What have been the great disruptions of our time, and who wound up disrupted?
  
-This course is a hands-on exploration of disruptive media cultures, intended for entrepreneurs, critics, and activists alike. We will encounter disruptions in the world around us and devise some of our own. Students should expect to enlarge their entrepreneurial repertoires, but also to experience fresh trepidation about entrepreneurship's possible effects.+This course is a hands-on exploration of disruption as a practice and a theory, which goes to the heart of contemporary society. We will encounter disruptions in the world around us and devise some of our own. Students should expect to enlarge their entrepreneurial repertoires, but also to experience fresh trepidation about disruption's possible consequences.
  
  
 ## Instructor ## Instructor
  
-Nathan Schneider ("Nathan" or "Professor Schneider")   +Dr. Nathan Schneider ("Professor Schneider")   
-<nathan.schneider@colorado.edu>    +<nathan.schneider@colorado.edu> ([[:email_etiquette|email etiquette]])    
-Office hours: Wednesday at 2-4 p.m., or by appointment ([[:email_etiquette|via email]])   +Armory Building, 1B24    
 +Office hours: Wednesday at 3-5 p.m., or by appointment   
 Website: [nathanschneider.info](https://nathanschneider.info) Website: [nathanschneider.info](https://nathanschneider.info)
  
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 * Gain familiarity with discourses surrounding media entrepreneurship and disruptive innovation * Gain familiarity with discourses surrounding media entrepreneurship and disruptive innovation
-* Encounter the social impacts and enablers of economic disruptions +* Encounter the social impacts of economic disruptions 
-* Cultivate habits of ethical entrepreneurship in media economies+* Cultivate habits of critical entrepreneurship in media economies
  
  
 ## The business model ## The business model
  
-The course consists of six evaluated components; three are consecutive and three are ongoing.+The course consists of six evaluated components; three are consecutive "phases" and three are ongoing. 
  
 ### Phase one: Report ### Phase one: Report
 *20 percent* *20 percent*
  
-Early in the course, each student produces a brief, researched report on a past disruption. Write an internal memo by an employee of an incumbent organization as it comes to terms with the disruption taking place. Explain it clearly to colleagues and suggest possible responses that the incumbent organization might take. The report should be between 1,200 and 1,500 words, formatted and written appropriately (and creatively) in the guise of an official document from the organization. Evaluation criteria are as follows:+Early in the course, each student produces a video report on a past disruption based on original research. Perform the role of an employee of an incumbent organization as it comes to terms with a potentially threatening disruption taking place. (Examples of incumbent organizations include large corporations, government agencies, and cultural institutions.) Explain the disruption clearly to colleagues and suggest possible responses that their organization might take, including both narrative and market data. 
 + 
 +The report should be between five and seven minutes, presented appropriately (and creatively) in the guise of an internal statement from the organization. It should include slides that cite all relevant sources. Turn in both the video (as a Zoom link using your campus account) and the slides (in PDF format). Evaluation criteria are as follows:
  
   * Completion of the assignment with clarity, stylistic correctness, and creativity   * Completion of the assignment with clarity, stylistic correctness, and creativity
-  * Comprehension of the disruption and explanation of what qualifies it as disruptive +  * Comprehension of the disruption and explanation of what qualifies it as disruptive, based on meaningful [[engagement with assigned sources|engagement]] with at least two assigned sources from the course 
-  * Evidence of self-directed research beyond assigned materials, including at least two peer-reviewed [[scholarly sources]] and relevant market data, using [[citation standards|appropriate citation]] +  * Evidence of self-directed research with at least eight sources beyond assigned materials, including at least two peer-reviewed [[scholarly sources]] and relevant market data, cited in APA style  
-  * Meaningful engagement with at least two assigned materials from the course+  * Clear and compelling one-minute, in-class summary with an elegant slide, summarizing the report in character
  
-### Phase two: Presentation+ 
 +### Phase two: Oral history
 *20 percent* *20 percent*
  
-The second project for the course is a presentation to the class about the effects of a disruptive innovation. Students should interview at least two people (outside the CU community) with direct experience of having their way of life or livelihood challenged by the disruption. In the presentation, students will share interviewees' insights, alongside an explanation of the nature of the disruption and its broader context. This assignment is conducted in pairs, who will present 10-to-12 minute presentations with slides. Students may form groups of three as well; these will required to present three interviews and three peer-reviewed sources, rather than the otherwise required two.+The second project for the course is a ten-minute group presentation to the class about the human impacts of a disruptive innovation. Each student should interview at least one person (outside the CU community) whose way of life or livelihood has been threatened by the disruption. In the presentation, students will share interviewees' insights, alongside an explanation of the nature of the disruption and its broader context. Each presentation should cover a unique topic.
  
-Each presentation should cover a unique topic. Evaluation criteria are as follows:+Before the presentation takes place, one student in the group should turn in the slide deck that identifies all contributors. Evaluation criteria are as follows:
  
   * Completion of the assignment with clarity, stylistic correctness, and creativity   * Completion of the assignment with clarity, stylistic correctness, and creativity
-  * Comprehension of the disruption and explanation of what qualifies it as disruptive +  * Insightful interviews in disrupted communities by each student (duly credited), along with contextual data on social impacts 
-  * Evidence of self-directed research beyond assigned materials, including at least two peer-reviewed [[scholarly sources]], and [[citation standards|appropriate citation]] +  * Comprehension of the disruption and explanation of what qualifies it as disruptive, based on meaningful [[engagement with assigned sources|engagement]] with at least two assigned sources from the course 
-  * Meaningful engagement with at least one assigned material from the course+  * Evidence of self-directed research with at least 10 sources beyond assigned materials, including at least two peer-reviewed [[scholarly sources]] and relevant market data, cited in APA style  
  
 ### Phase three: Whitepaper ### Phase three: Whitepaper
-*20 percent*+*25 percent*
  
-At the conclusion of the course, students produce a [[whitepaper]] outlining an original proposal for a disruption involving networked digital media. In between 1,500 and 1,800 words, describe the nature of the disruption, its economic and technological context, and the means of its financing and growth. Be sure to also consider its potential social effects.+At the conclusion of the course, students produce a [[whitepaper]] outlining an original proposal for a disruption involving networked digital media. It can advance business, social, or policy goals. In between 1,500 and 1,800 words, describe the nature of the disruption, its economic and technological context, and the means of its financing and growth. The proposal should demonstrate expertise in the relevant markets and differentiation from existing offerings. Be sure to also consider its potential social effects.
  
 Students will twice present their ideas to the class---first as a one-minute practice run for feedback and, second, as a one-minute pitch with one parsimonious slide. Students will twice present their ideas to the class---first as a one-minute practice run for feedback and, second, as a one-minute pitch with one parsimonious slide.
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 Evaluation criteria are as follows: Evaluation criteria are as follows:
  
-  * Completion of the assignment with clarity, stylistic correctness, and creativity, including an in-class pitch during the final week +  * Completion of the assignment with clarity, stylistic correctness, and creativity 
-  * Comprehension of the disruption and explanation of what qualifies it as disruptive +  * Comprehension of the disruption and explanation of what qualifies it as disruptive in the context of the relevant market 
-  * Evidence of self-directed research beyond assigned materials, including at least two peer-reviewed [[scholarly sources]] and relevant market data, using [[citation standards|appropriate citation]] +  * Meaningful [[engagement with assigned sources|engagement]] with at least two assigned sources from the course 
-  * Meaningful engagement with at least two assigned materials from the course+  * Evidence of self-directed research with at least 10 sources beyond assigned materials, including at least two peer-reviewed [[scholarly sources]] and relevant market data, cited in APA style  
 +  * Clear, compelling in-class pitch with an elegant slide
  
-### Class participation+ 
 +### Quizzes
 *15 percent* *15 percent*
  
-All students should contribute to class discussions as active listeners, question-askers, commentators, and critics. Respectful disagreement with the instructor and fellow students is welcome and encouraged. Students will also pitch their own disruptive ideas to the class. Attendance will not be taken formally, but meaningful participation is not compatible with absence. Be prepared to discuss each week's assigned materials by the start of that week's first meeting.+As a warm-up at the start of many class sessions, there will be quizzes based on readings and lectures on using Canvas. Students may consult course materials while completing them.
  
-Evaluation takes place at the midterm and the end of the course, with each evaluation period weighted equally. Evaluation is based on the following:+Quizzes are meant to be taken individually and in class; unapproved deviations will be regarded as a violation of the campus Honor Code. If you cannot attend class, you must inform the instructor ahead of time to arrange a make-up.
  
-  * Comments and questions that advance the conversation, with evidence of listening to others and engagement with assigned materials 
-  * In-class pitch exercises 
-  * Flash quizzes at random intervals 
  
 +### Class participation
 +*10 percent*
  
-### Annotation +All students should contribute to class discussions as active listeners, question-askers, commentators, and critics. Respectful disagreement with the instructor and fellow students is welcome and encouraged. Attendance will not be taken formally, but meaningful participation is not compatible with absence. Be prepared to discuss each week's assigned materials by the start of that week's first meeting.
-*15 percent*+
  
-Each week, students should engage with the assigned materials by using the [[Hypothesis]] annotation platform, where technically possible. Both quality and quantity will be taken into account. Annotations for each week's assigned materials are due by the start of that week's first meeting. Evaluation takes place at the midterm and the end of the course, with each evaluation period weighted equally.+Evaluation takes place at the midterm and the end of the course, with each evaluation period weighted equally. Evaluation is based on:
  
-It may not be necessary to read every assigned word with equal care. Expect to read effectively but strategically. Evaluation criteria are as follows:+* Contributing comments and questions that advance the conversation 
 +* Evidence of listening to others 
 +* [[engagement with assigned sources|Engagement]] with assigned materials
  
-  * Volume of annotations and distribution throughout assigned materials; annotate every (annotatable) reading at least once and go deep on at least one of the readings each week 
-  * Evidence of reflection and insight 
-  * Engagement with fellow students' annotations 
  
 ### Entrepreneurial events ### Entrepreneurial events
 *10 percent* *10 percent*
  
-Part of the course is participation in two synchronous events in CU's and Boulder's entrepreneurial community. Before the end of the day after each event, submit a discussion post in Canvas about your experience there. With this, include proof of participation (such as a photo of yourself there or of you and your screen). Evaluation criteria are as follows:+Part of the course is participation in two live, in-person events in the Boulder entrepreneurial community---at least one on campus. Within 24 hours after each event, submit a discussion post in Canvas about your experience there. With this, include proof of participation (such as a photo of yourself there or of you and your screen). Evaluation criteria are as follows:
  
-  * Compelling proof of attendance at: +  * Compelling proof of attendance at the event 
-      - The [Innovation & Entrepreneurship Fall Kickoff](https://www.colorado.edu/innovate/events) on September 23 +  * Insightful, 300-500 word reflection on an aspect of each event 
-      - A second event, on or off campus, of your choosing +  * [[engagement with assigned sources|Engagement]] with at least one of the assigned materials in each analysis 
-  * Insightful, 300-500 word analysis of an aspect of each event + 
-  * Engagement with at least one of the assigned materials in each analysis+Entrepreneurship-related events can be found at the campus [Innovation & Entrepreneurship Initiative website](https://www.colorado.edu/innovate/events), [Silicon Flatirons](https://siliconflatirons.org/events/), and [Meetup](https://www.meetup.com/cities/us/co/boulder/events/).
  
-Entrepreneurship-related events can be found at the campus [Innovation & Entrepreneurship Initiative website](https://www.colorado.edu/innovate/events), [Silicon Flatirons](https://siliconflatirons.org/events/), [Startup Digest](https://www.startupdigest.com/digests/boulder-denver), and [Meetup](https://www.meetup.com/cities/us/co/boulder/events/). 
  
 ### Grading ### Grading
 +
 +Grading will follow the expectations stated in this syllabus.
 +
 +If you need an extension on any assignment, consult your instructor ahead of time. Late projects will be penalized 5 percentage points per day.
 +
 +Plagiarism and similar lapses in [[academic honesty]] can result in no credit for the assignment and referral to campus authorities. 
  
 Based on the stated percentage structure, grades will be awarded as follows: A (94-100), A- (90-93), B+ (87-89), B (83-86), B- (80-82), C+ (77-79), C (73-76), C- (70-72), D+ (67-69), D (63-66), D- (60-62), F (0-59). The minimum passing grade is 60 for undergraduates and 70 for graduate students. Based on the stated percentage structure, grades will be awarded as follows: A (94-100), A- (90-93), B+ (87-89), B (83-86), B- (80-82), C+ (77-79), C (73-76), C- (70-72), D+ (67-69), D (63-66), D- (60-62), F (0-59). The minimum passing grade is 60 for undergraduates and 70 for graduate students.
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 * Work together to foster a respectful, mature, convivial community based on mutual learning, diverse perspectives, and accommodation * Work together to foster a respectful, mature, convivial community based on mutual learning, diverse perspectives, and accommodation
-* Adhere to all [[university policies]] regarding academic integrity, accessibility, behavior, discrimination, misconduct, and religious observances; we take responsibility for understanding them and the relevant procedures 
 * Respect student privacy, keeping any materials or statements shared in class confidential unless permission is granted to do otherwise * Respect student privacy, keeping any materials or statements shared in class confidential unless permission is granted to do otherwise
-* Be present in our online interactions, keeping cameras on and attention on each other, with classroom-appropriate attire and backgrounds+* Be present in our interactions together; students should put away [[:screen_devices|screen devices]] during lectures and class discussions 
 +* Adhere to all [[university policies]] regarding academic integrity, accessibility, behavior, discrimination, misconduct, inclusivity, and religious observances; we take responsibility for understanding them and the relevant procedures
  
-If you find yourself in a position where lack of access to food, housing, health care, or other basic necessities interferes with your studies, consider seeking support from the [Dean of Students](https://www.colorado.edu/studentaffairs/deanofstudents) and, if you feel comfortable doing so, your instructor. We will work to assist you however we can.+**AI policy:** Since this is a skills-building and knowledge-integrating course, generative AI should not be the primary means of producing anything turned in as original work.
  
-### Fall 2020 calendar 
  
-Due dates are at 2 p.m.:+## Topics
  
-* Select Phase One report topic (Canvas discussion): 9/15 +The course topics, like the assignments, proceed in three phases. First, we acquaint ourselves with some processes and ideologies associated with Silicon Valley-style entrepreneurial culture and discourses of disruption. Second, we consider the human impacts of disruptive change. Third, we explore a variety of strategies and shortcomings of disruptive and entrepreneurial thinking.
-* Phase One report (Canvas dropbox): 10/1 +
-* Select Phase Two presentation topic and date (shared document): 9/22 +
-* Innovation & Entrepreneurship Fall Kickoff (due at midnight): 9/23  +
-* Midterm participation evaluations: 10/13 +
-* Phase Two presentations (Canvas dropbox): Various dates +
-* Phase Three pitch practice: 11/19 +
-* Phase Three pitch presentation: 12/3 +
-* Phase Three whitepaper (Canvas dropbox): 12/3 +
- +
-## Topics+
  
-The course topics, like the assignments, proceed in three phases. First, we acquaint ourselves with some processes and ideologies associated with Silicon Valley-style entrepreneurial culture and discourses of disruption. Second, we consider the human impacts of disruptive change. Third, we step back and explore some broader social, philosophical, and political consequences of disruptive thinking.+Except for the book we read in Phase Two, all readings should be available online. Some readings require using the university network (either on campus or via VPN).
  
 ### Phase one: Disruption ### Phase one: Disruption
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 What does this overused word even mean? What does this overused word even mean?
  
-#### 1. A mindset+#### 1. Startup communities
  
-* "Developing the Entrepreneurial Mindset," "Pitching Ideas," in Michelle Ferrier and Elizabeth Mays (eds.), _[Media Innovation and Entrepreneurship](https://press.rebus.community/media-innovation-and-entrepreneurship/)_ (Rebus Community, 2017--2019) 
 * Brad Feld, {{:lib:feld-startup_communities-excerpt.pdf|chapters 1-3}} in _Startup Communities: Building an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Your City_ (Wiley, 2012) * Brad Feld, {{:lib:feld-startup_communities-excerpt.pdf|chapters 1-3}} in _Startup Communities: Building an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Your City_ (Wiley, 2012)
-* Conner Forrest, "[Startup Jargon: 10 Terms to Stop Using](https://www.techrepublic.com/article/startup-jargon-10-terms-to-stop-using/)," _TechRepublic_ (May 1, 2014)+* Xiaowei R. Wang, "[Letter from Shenzhen](https://logicmag.io/scale/letter-from-shenzhen/)," _Logic(s)_ (April 1, 2018)
  
 #### 2. Theory and cliché #### 2. Theory and cliché
  
-* Joseph L. Bower and Clayton M. Christensen, "{{ :lib:catchingthewave.pdf |Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave}}," _Harvard Business Review_ (January-February 1995) +* Clayton M. Christensen, Michael E. Raynor, and Rory McDonald, “[What Is Disruptive Innovation?](https://hbr.org/2015/12/what-is-disruptive-innovation),” _Harvard Business Review_ (December 1, 2015)
-* Clayton M. Christensen and Michael Overdorf, "[Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change](http://innovbfa.viabloga.com/files/HBR___Christensen___meeting_the_challenge_of_disruptive_change___2009.pdf)," _Harvard Business Review_ (March-April 2000)+
 * Jill Lepore, "[The Disruption Machine](http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/06/23/the-disruption-machine)," _New Yorker_ (June 23, 2014) * Jill Lepore, "[The Disruption Machine](http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/06/23/the-disruption-machine)," _New Yorker_ (June 23, 2014)
 +* Drake Bennett, "{{:lib:christensen-bloomberg.pdf|Clayton Christensen Responds to New Yorker Takedown of 'Disruptive Innovation'}}," _Bloomberg_ (June 21, 2014)
  
 #### 3. Organizational vessels #### 3. Organizational vessels
  
 +* Venkatesh Rao, "[A Brief History of the Corporation: 1600 to 2100](https://www.ribbonfarm.com/2011/06/08/a-brief-history-of-the-corporation-1600-to-2100/)," _Ribbonfarm_ (June 8, 2011)
 * Jessica Livingston, "[Grow the Puzzle Around You](http://foundersatwork.posthaven.com/grow-the-puzzle-around-you)," _Posthaven_ (June 30, 2018) * Jessica Livingston, "[Grow the Puzzle Around You](http://foundersatwork.posthaven.com/grow-the-puzzle-around-you)," _Posthaven_ (June 30, 2018)
-* Steve Blank, "[Why the Lean Start-Up Changes Everything](https://hbr.org/2013/05/why-the-lean-start-up-changes-everything)," _Harvard Business Review_ (May 2013) 
-* "Nonprofit Model Development," in Michelle Ferrier and Elizabeth Mays (eds.), _[Media Innovation and Entrepreneurship](https://press.rebus.community/media-innovation-and-entrepreneurship/)_ (Rebus Community, 2017--2019) 
  
 #### 4. Raising rounds #### 4. Raising rounds
  
-* Kim-Mai Cutler, "[The Unicorn Hunters](https://logicmag.io/04-the-unicorn-hunters/)," _Logic_ no. 4 (2018)+* Kim-Mai Cutler, "[The Unicorn Hunters](https://logicmag.io/04-the-unicorn-hunters/)," _Logic(s)_ no. 4 (2018)
 * Paul Graham, "[Startup = Growth](http://www.paulgraham.com/growth.html)" (September 2012) * Paul Graham, "[Startup = Growth](http://www.paulgraham.com/growth.html)" (September 2012)
-* Jennifer Brandel, Mara Zepeda, Astrid Scholz, and Aniyia Williams, "[Zebras Fix What Unicorns Break](https://medium.com/@sexandstartups/zebrasfix-c467e55f9d96)" (March 8, 2017)+* Daisy Onubogu, "[Underrepresented Founders are Merely Collateral Damage](https://medium.com/zebras-unite/underrepresented-founders-are-merely-collateral-damage-cae17f6d3379)" (February 25, 2021)
  
-#### 5. Origin stories+#### 5. Endgames 
 + 
 +* Peter Thiel with Blake Masters, _[Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future](https://libcat.colorado.edu/Record/b11042512)_, chapters 4-5 (Crown Currency, 2014) 
 +* Cory Doctorow, "[‘Enshittification’ Is Coming for Absolutely Everything](https://web.archive.org/web/20240208152542/https://www.ft.com/content/6fb1602d-a08b-4a8c-bac0-047b7d64aba5)," _Financial Times_ (February 7, 2024) 
 +* Matt Seybold, "[The Secret History of Canvas LMS, Corporate Raiders, & The Chatbot Bubble](https://theamericanvandal.substack.com/p/historyofcanvas)," _The American Vandal_ (March 24, 2026) 
 + 
 +#### 6. Capitalism, all along
  
 * Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, [preamble and chapter 1](https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm), _Manifesto of the Communist Party_ (1848) * Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, [preamble and chapter 1](https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm), _Manifesto of the Communist Party_ (1848)
 * Joseph A. Schumpeter, "[The Creative Response in Economic History](https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2113338.pdf)," _Journal of Economic History_ 7, no. 2 (November 1947) * Joseph A. Schumpeter, "[The Creative Response in Economic History](https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2113338.pdf)," _Journal of Economic History_ 7, no. 2 (November 1947)
-* John E. Elliott, "[Marx and Schumpeter on Capitalism's Creative Destruction: A Comparative Restatement](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1885348)," _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 95, no. 1 (August 1980) 
- 
  
 ### Phase two: Disrupted ### Phase two: Disrupted
  
-This year, phase two will center around the context of disruption by plague+Phase two centers around how one company, OpenAI, has helped create the AI disruption, through the lens of one book, available in the bookstore:
  
-#### 6. The mother of the modern+* Karen Hao, _Empire of AI: Dreams and Nightmares in Sam Altman's OpenAI_ (Penguin, 2025)
  
-* Carrie Arnold, "[The Viruses That Made Us Human](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/endogenous-retroviruses/)," _NOVA_ (September 28, 2016) +#### 7. Divine right
-* Silvia Federici, "[All the World Needs a Jolt](https://anarchivists.gitbooks.io/caliban/content/jolt.html)," in _Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation_ (Autonomedia, 2014) +
-* Charles C. Mann, "[Why Billington Survived](https://search-ebscohost-com.colorado.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=719025&site=ehost-live&scope=site&ebv=EK&ppid=Page-__-35)," in _1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus_ (Vintage, 2006)+
  
-#### 7. What time is it on the clock of the world?+* Hao, _Empire of AI_, Prologue and Part I
  
-* Venkatesh Rao, "[Pandemic Time: A Distributed Doomsday Clock](https://www.noemamag.com/pandemic-time-a-distributed-doomsday-clock/)," _Noema_ (June 8, 2020) +#### 8. Ascension
-* Gene Demby, "[Why Now, White People](https://www.npr.org/2020/06/16/878963732/why-now-white-people)," _Code Switch_ podcast (June 16, 2020) +
-* Helen Rosner, "[The Case for Letting the Restaurant Industry Die](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/annals-of-gastronomy/the-case-for-letting-the-restaurant-industry-die)," _New Yorker_ (May 22, 2020)+
  
-#### 8. Crisis as opportunity+* Hao, _Empire of AI_, Parts II and III
  
-* Kevin Sneader and Bob Sternfels, "[From Surviving to Thriving: Reimagining the Post-COVID-19 Return](https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/from-surviving-to-thriving-reimagining-the-post-covid-19-return), McKinsey & Company (May 1, 2020) +#### 9. Reckoning
-* Marc Andreessen, "[It's Time to Build](https://a16z.com/2020/04/18/its-time-to-build/)," Andreesen Horowitz blog (April 18, 2020) (and an [optional critique](https://modelviewculture.com/news/people-are-dying-marc-stick-your-flying-cars-up-your-ass)) +
-* Sabrina T. Howell, Josh Lerner, Ramana Nanda, and Richard R. Townsend, "[Financial Distancing: How Venture Capital Follows the Economy Down and Curtails Innovation](https://www.nber.org/papers/w27150.pdf)," NBER Working Paper No. 27150 (May 2020)+
  
-#### 9. Disaster entrepreneurship+* Hao, _Empire of AI_, Part IV
  
-* From Rebecca Solnit, "[Prelude: Falling Together](http://lithub.com/rebecca-solnit-how-to-survive-a-disaster/)," _A Paradise Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities That Arise in Disaster_ (Viking, 2009) +### Phase three: Disrupt
-* Naomi Klein, "[How Power Profits from Disaster](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jul/06/naomi-klein-how-power-profits-from-disaster)," _Guardian_ (July 6, 2017) +
-* Kaitlyn Tiffany, "[Pandemic Organizers Are Co-opting Productivity Software](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/05/coronavirus-mutual-aid-groups-slack-airtable-google/612190/)," _Atlantic_ (May 28, 2020) +
- +
- +
-### Phase three: Disruptionism+
  
 What, then, can we do? What, then, can we do?
  
-#### 10. Refusal+#### 10. Disrupting power
  
-* _[The Salt of the Earth](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9oY4rmDaWw)_, directed by Herbert J. Biberman (1954) +* Richard Barbrook and Andy Cameron, "[The Californian Ideology](https://monoskop.org/images/d/dc/Barbrook_Richard_Cameron_Andy_1996_The_Californian_Ideology.pdf)," _Science as Culture_ 6, no. 1 (1996) 
-* Noam Scheiber and Kate Conger, "[The Great Google Revolt](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/18/magazine/google-revolt.html), _New York Times Magazine_ (February 18, 2020) +* Jennifer Brandel, Mara Zepeda, Astrid Scholz, and Aniyia Williams, "[Zebras Fix What Unicorns Break](https://medium.com/@sexandstartups/zebrasfix-c467e55f9d96)" (March 8, 2017) 
-* "[Tips on Unionizing Your Tech Workforce](https://modelviewculture.com/pieces/tips-on-unionizing-your-tech-workforce)," _Model View Culture_ (April 30, 2020) +* Paul Engler, "[What Social Movements Can Learn from the ‘Innovator’s Dilemma’](https://wagingnonviolence.org/2025/11/innovators-dilemma-social-movements/)," _Waging Nonviolence_ (November 12, 2025)
- +
-#### 11. Design thinking +
- +
-* "[Design, Meanings, and Radical Innovation: A Metamodel and a Research Agenda](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2008.00313.x)," _Journal of Product Innovation Management_ 25, no. 5 (September 2008) +
-* Tim Brown and Jocelyn Wyatt, "[Design Thinking for Social Innovation](https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1020-797X_12_1_29)," _Development Outreach_ (July 2010) +
-* Sasha Costanza-Chock (ed.), _[Design Justice for Action](https://designjustice.org/s/DJ_2017_Issue3.pdf)_, Design Justice Zines \#3 (n.d.) +
- +
-#### 12. Decentralize everything +
- +
-* Tim Berners-Lee, "[Information Management: A Proposal](https://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html) (March 1989, May 1990) +
-* Manoush Zomorodi and Jen Poyant, "[Blockchain. Block What?!](https://zigzagpod.com/2018/06/14/episode-2/)," _ZigZag_ (June 13, 2018) +
-* Malene Alleyne, Camille Canon, Amelia Evans, Yichen Feng, Nathan Schneider, and Mara Zepeda, _[Exit to Community: A Community Primer](https://www.colorado.edu/lab/medlab/2020/08/31/exit-community-community-primer)_ (2020)+
  
-#### 13. The new citizen+#### 11. Disrupting work
  
-* Zeynep Tufekci, "[How Social Media Took Us from Tahrir Square to Donald Trump](https://www.technologyreview.com/s/611806/how-social-media-took-us-from-tahrir-square-to-donald-trump/)," _MIT Technology Review_ (August 14, 2018) +* Ben Tarnoff, _[The Making of the Tech Worker Movement](https://logicmag.io/the-making-of-the-tech-worker-movement/full-text/)_ (Logic(s), 2020) 
-* Andrew Leonard, "[How Taiwan’s Unlikely Digital Minister Hacked the Pandemic](https://www.wired.com/story/how-taiwans-unlikely-digital-minister-hacked-the-pandemic/)," _Wired_ (July 23, 2020) +* Anisia Uzeyman and Saul Williams (dirs.), _[Neptune Frost](https://colorado.kanopy.com/node/12574154)_ (2021)
-* Lilly Irani, "[Hackathons and the Making of Entrepreneurial Citizenship](https://escholarship.org/uc/item/33q5t84v)," _Science, Technology & Human Values_ 40, no. 5 (2015)+
  
-#### 14. Maintenance/subversion+#### 12. Disruptive governing
  
-* David Edgerton, "Introduction," "Maintenance," and "Invention" in _[The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900](http://www.wtf.tw/ref/edgerton.pdf)_ (Profile Books, 2008) +* Maria Mazzucato, "[The Entrepreneurial State](https://www.proquest.com/docview/912870584/fulltextPDF/86FE0FED4208456EPQ/1?accountid=14503)," _Soundings_ 49 (Winter 2011) 
-* Stefano Harney and Fred Moten, "Politics Surrounded" (pp. 14-20), _[The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning & Black Study](https://www.minorcompositions.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/undercommons-web.pdf)_ (Minor Compositions, 2013)+* Andrea Pollio, "[Silicon States of Development](https://www.jstor.org/content/oa_chapter_monograph/jj.37105697.6)," in _Silicon Elsewhere: Nairobi, Global China, and the Promise of Techno-Capital_ (University of California Press, 2026)
  
-### Further resources+#### 13. Disrupting imagination
  
-  * _[How I Built This with Guy Raz](https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this)_, NPR podcast +* Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould, "[Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism](https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/classictexts/eldredge.pdf)," in Schopf, T.J.M. (ed.), _Models in Paleobiology_ (Freeman Cooper, 1972) 
-  * [Tech Workers Coalition newsletter](https://news.techworkerscoalition.org/) +* Walidah Imarisha, "[All Organizing Is Science Fiction](https://archive.org/details/podcast_umass-amherst-history-departme_walidah-imarisha-all-organiz_1000423858347)," History Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst (November 13, 2018) 
-  * Y Combinator, [Startup School library](https://www.startupschool.org/library)+* Stefano Harney and Fred Moten, "Fantasy in the Hold" (pp. 84-99), _[The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning & Black Study](https://www.minorcompositions.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/undercommons-web.pdf)_ (Minor Compositions, 2013)
  
----+#### 14. Disrupting innovation
  
-[ [[note:disruptive_entrepreneurship|Notes]] ]+* David Edgerton, "Introduction" and "Maintenance" in _[The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900](http://www.wtf.tw/ref/edgerton.pdf)_ (Profile Books, 2008) 
 +* Nathan Schneider, "[Innovation Amnesia: Technology as a Substitute for Politics](https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/13668/)," _First Monday_ 29, no. 11 (2024)
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